WHAT IS IT
Some Background:
The WB44 List is an ancient Sumerian King List.It is written in the Sumerian language on clay tablets. It lists kings of Sumer (ancient southern Iraq) from Sumerian and neighboring dynasties, their supposed reign lengths, and the locations of the kingship. This text is preserved in several recensions. The list of kings is sequential, although modern research indicates many were contemporaries, reflecting the belief that kingship was handed down by the gods and could be transferred from one city to another, asserting to a hegemony in the region.
Where did the list come from:
The sources marked WB are a part of the "Weld-Blundell collection", donated by Herbert Weld Blundell to the Ashmolean Museum. WB 62 is a small clay tablet, inscribed only on one side, unearthed from Larsa. It is the oldest dated source, at c. 2000 BC, that contains the list. WB 444, in contrast, is a unique inscribed vertical prism, dated c. 1817 BC, although some scholars prefer c. 1827 BC. The Kish Tablet or Scheil dynastic tablet is an early 2nd millennium BC tablet which came into possession of Jean-Vincent Scheil, but only contains list entries for four Sumerian cities. UCBC 9-1819 is a clay tablet housed in the collection of the Museum of Anthropology at the University of California. The tablet was inscribed during the reign of the Babylonian King Samsu-iluna, or slightly earlier, with the earliest date of 1712 BC. The Dynastic Chronicle (ABC 18) is a Babylonian king list written on six columns, beginning with entries for the antediluvian (prior to the flood) Sumerian rulers. K 11261+ is one of the copies of this chronicle, consisting of three joined Neo-Assyrian fragments discovered at the Library of Ashurbanipal. K 12054 is another of the Neo-Assyrian fragments from Uruk (c. 640 BC) but contains a variant form of the antediluvians on the list. The later Babylonian king lists and Assyrian king lists repeated the earliest portions of the list, thus preserving them well into the 3rd century BC. At this time, Berossus wrote Babyloniaca, which popularized fragments of the list in the Hellenic world. In 1960, the Apkullu-list (Tablet No. W.20030, 7) or “Uruk List of Kings and Sages” (ULKS) was discovered by German archaeologists at an ancient temple at Uruk. The list, dating to c. 165 BC, contains a series of kings, equivalent to the Sumerian antediluvians, called "Apkullu"
Early dates are approximate, and are based on available archaeological data. For most of the pre-Akkadian rulers listed, the king list is itself the lone source of information. Beginning with Lugal-zage-si and the Third Dynasty of Uruk (which was defeated by Sargon of Akkad), a better understanding of how subsequent rulers fit into the chronology of the ancient Near East can be deduced. The short chronology is used here.
None of the following predynastic antediluvian rulers have been verified as historical by archaeological excavations, epigraphical inscriptions or otherwise. While there is no evidence they ever reigned as such, the Sumerians purported them to have lived in the mythical era before the great deluge or flood. Some modern scholars believe the Sumerian deluge story corresponds to localized river flooding at Shuruppak (modern Tell Fara, Iraq) and various other cities as far north as Kish, as revealed by a layer of riverine sediments, radiocarbon dated to c. 2900 BC, which interrupt the continuity of settlement. Polychrome pottery from the Jemdet Nasr period (c. 3000–2900 BC) was discovered immediately below this Shuruppak flood stratum.
The antediluvian reigns were measured in Sumerian numerical units known as sars (units of 3,600), ners (units of 600), and sosses (units of 60).[19] Attempts have been made to map these numbers into more reasonable regnal lengths
One interesting thing. Look at the lengths the kings ruled pre-flood vs. post-flood.
The early chapters of the book of Genesis contain numerical information about the ages of the biblical patriarchs and their chronological relationships during the antediluvian world. They also contain a description of the moral and spiritual condition as well as the history of that period. Although there are other, non-biblical, references to the antediluvian era, there is no other document in all of the extant records of the ancient world that provides the detailed and coherent information found in the book of Genesis. The Genesis account gives us a glimpse into that obscure portion of the history of mankind, and provides information for a chronology of that period. It has, nevertheless, been criticized by non-Christians as well as liberal theologians as being mythological, or at best symbolic and incomplete.
The Sumerian King List, on the other hand, contains an initial section that makes reference to the Flood and to Sumerian kings of extremely long reigns before the Flood.1 The antediluvian portion of the King List is very different from the biblical account. It only contains eight kings, while Genesis has ten patriarchs. The Sumerian list assigns an average reign duration of 30,150 years, with a total duration for the period of 241,200 years, compared to an average age of the biblical patriarchs of 858 years and a sum of 8575 years for their full lives. It also lacks the detailed information of Genesis and its moral and spiritual emphases.
Nevertheless, Walton2 has pointed out that the antediluvian portion of the King List does not include the Sumerian first man nor the Flood hero. If Adam and Noah are dropped from the biblical list, the number of people in the two lists is then the same—eight. Walton has also noticed that the total of the durations of the kingdoms and the total of the ages of the patriarchs are numerically related and are equivalent if the number base of the Sumerian list is changed from sexagesimal to decimal.
Proto-Sumerian Period (3300–2900 BC)
Early Dynastic I–II Periods (2900–2600 BC)
Early Dynastic II–III Periods (2600–2334 BC)
Dynasty of Akkad (2334–2154 BC)
Sumerian Period (2112–2004 BC)
Old Babylonian Period (2004–1595 BC)
Ruler | Epithet | Length of Reign |
---|---|---|
"After the kingship descended from heaven, the kingship was in Eridug. In Eridug, Alulim became king he ruled for 28800 years." | ||
Alulim | 8 sars (28,800 years) | |
Alaingar | 10 sars (36,000 years) | |
"Then Eridug fell and the kingship was taken to Bad-tibira." | ||
En-men-lu-ana | 12 sars (43,200 years) | |
En-men-gal-ana | 8 sars (28,800 years) | |
Dumuzid, the Shepherd | "the sheperd" | 10 sars (36,000 years) |
" Then Bad-tibira fell and the kingship was taken to Larag." | ||
En-sipad-zid-ana | 8 sars (28,800 years) | |
"Then Larag fell and the kingship was taken to Zimbir." | ||
En-men-dur-ana | 5 sars and 5 ners (21,000 years) | |
"Then Zimbir fell and the kingship was taken to Shuruppag." | ||
Ubara-Tutu | 5 sars and 1 ner (18,600 years) | |
"Then the flood swept over." |
Ruler | Epithet | Length of Reign | Approximate Dates | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|
"After the flood had swept over, and the kingship had descended from heaven, the kingship was in Kish." | ||||
Jushur | 1200 Years | historicity uncertain | names before Etana do not appear in any other known source, and their existence is archaeologically unverified | |
Kullassina-bel | 960 Years | |||
Nangishlishma | 670 Years | |||
En-tarah-ana | 420 Years | |||
Babum | 320 Years | |||
Puannum | 840 Years | |||
Kalibum | 960 Years | |||
Kalumum | 840 Years | |||
Zuqaqip | 900 Years | |||
Atab (or A-ba) | 600 Years | |||
Mashda | "The son of Atab" | 840 Years | ||
Arwium | "the son of Mashda" | 720 Years | ||
Etana | "the shepherd, who ascended to heaven and consolidated all the foreign countries" | 1500 Years | ||
Balih | "the son of Etana" | 400 Years | ||
En-me-nuna | 660 Years | |||
Melem-Kish | "the son of En-me-nuna" | 900 Years | ||
Barsal-nuna | ("the son of En-me-nuna") | 1200 Years | ||
Zamug | "the son of Barsal-nuna" | 140 Years | ||
Tizqar | "The son of Zamug" | 305 Years | ||
Ilku | 900 Years | |||
Iltasadum | 1200 Years | |||
En-me-barage-si | "who made the land of Elam submit" | 900 Years | c. 2600 BC | the earliest ruler on the List confirmed independently from epigraphical evidence |
Aga of Kish | "the son of En-me-barage-si" | 625 Years | c. 2600 BC | contemporary with Gilgamesh of Uruk, according to the Sumerian tale of Gilgamesh and Aga |
"Then Kish was defeated and the kingship was taken to E-ana." |
Ruler | Epithet | Length of Reign | Approximate Dates | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mesh-ki-ang-gasher of E-ana | "the son of Utu" | 324 Years | c. 2600 BC | |
"Mesh-ki-ang-gasher entered the sea and disappeared." | ||||
Enmerkar | "the son of Mesh-ki-ang-gasher, the king of Unug, who built Unug (Uruk)" | 420 Years | ||
Lugalbanda | 1200 Years | |||
Dumuzid (Dumuzi) | "the fisherman whose city was Kuara." ("He captured En-me-barage-si single-handedly.")* | 100 Years | ||
Gilgamesh | "whose father was a phantom (?), the lord of Kulaba" | 126 Years | c. 2600 BC | contemporary with Aga of Kish, according to the Epic of Gilgamesh |
Ur-Nungal | "the son of Gilgamesh" | 30 Years | ||
Udul-kalama | "the son of Ur-Nungal" | 15 Years | ||
La-ba'shum | 9 Years | |||
En-nun-tarah-ana | 8 Years | |||
Mesh-he | 36 Years | |||
Melem-ana | 6 Years | |||
Lugal-kitun | 36 Years | |||
"Then Unug was defeated and the kingship was taken to Urim (Ur)." |
Ruler | Epithet | Length of Reign | Approximate Dates | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mesh-Ane-pada | 80 Years | c. 26th century BC | ||
Mesh-ki-ang-Nuna | "the son of Mesh-Ane-pada" | 36 Years | ||
Elulu | 25 Years | |||
Balulu | 36 Years | |||
"Then Urim was defeated and the kingship was taken to Awan." |
Ruler | Epithet | Length of Reign | Approximate Dates | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|
Three kings of Awan | 356 Years | c. 26th century BC | ||
"Then Awan was defeated and the kingship was taken to Kish." |
Ruler | Epithet | Length of Reign | Approximate Dates | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|
Susuda | "the fuller" | 201 Years | c. 26th century BC | |
Dadasig | 81 Years | |||
Mamagal | "the boatman" | 360 Years | ||
Kalbum | "the son of Mamagal" | 195 Years | ||
Tuge | " | 360 Years | ||
Men-nuna | "the son of Tuge" | 180 Years | ||
(Enbi-Ishtar) | " | 290 Years | ||
Lugalngu | " | 360 Years | ||
"Then Kish was defeated and the kingship was taken to Hamazi." |
Ruler | Epithet | Length of Reign | Approximate Dates | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|
Hadanish | 360 Years | c. 2500 BC | ||
"Then Hamazi was defeated and the kingship was taken to Unug (Uruk)." |
Ruler | Epithet | Length of Reign | Approximate Dates | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|
En-shag-kush-ana | 60 Years | c. 25th century BC | said to have conquered parts of Sumer; then Eannatum of Lagash claims to have taken over Sumer, Kish, and all Mesopotamia. | |
Lugal-kinishe-dudu or Lugal-ure | 120 Years | contemporary with Entemena of Lagash | ||
Argandea | 7 Years | |||
"Then Unug was defeated and the kingship was taken to Urim (Ur)." |
Ruler | Epithet | Length of Reign | Approximate Dates | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nanni | 120 Years | c. 25th century BC | ||
Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II | "the son of Nanni" | 48 Years | ||
"Then Urim was defeated and the kingship was taken to Adab." |
Ruler | Epithet | Length of Reign | Approximate Dates | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lugal-Ane-mundu | 90 Years | c. 25th century BC | said to have conquered all Mesopotamia from the Persian Gulf to the Zagros Mountains and Elam | |
"Then Adab was defeated and the kingship was taken to Mari." |
Ruler | Epithet | Length of Reign | Approximate Dates | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|
Anbu | 30 Years | c. 25th century BC | ||
Anba | "the son of Anbu" | 17 Years | ||
Bazi | "the leatherworker" | 30 Years | ||
Zizi of Mari | "the fuller" | 20 Years | ||
Limer | "the 'gudug' priest" | 30 Years | ||
Sharrum-iter | 9 Years | |||
"Then Mari was defeated and the kingship was taken to Kish." |
Ruler | Epithet | Length of Reign | Approximate Dates | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|
Kug-Bau (Kubaba) | "the woman tavern-keeper, who made firm the foundations of Kish" | 100 Years | c. 25th century BC | the only known woman in the King List; said to have gained independence from En-anna-tum I of Lagash and En-shag-kush-ana of Uruk; contemporary with Puzur-Nirah of Akshak, according to the later Chronicle of the É-sagila |
"Then Kish was defeated and the kingship was taken to Akshak." |
Ruler | Epithet | Length of Reign | Approximate Dates | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|
Unzi | 30 Years | c. 25th – 24th century BC | ||
Undalulu | 6 Years | |||
Urur | 6 Years | |||
Puzur-Nirah | 20 Years | contemporary with Kug-Bau of Kish, according to the later Chronicle of É-sagila | ||
Ishu-Il | 24 Years | |||
Shu-Suen of Akshak | 7 Years | |||
"Then Akshak was defeated and the kingship was taken to Kish." |
Ruler | Epithet | Length of Reign | Approximate Dates | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|
Puzur-Suen | "the son of Kug-Bau" | 25 Years | c. 24th – 23rd century BC | |
Ur-Zababa | the son of Puzur-Suen" | 400 (67) Years | c. 2300 BC | according to the king list, Sargon of Akkad was his cup-bearer |
Zimudar | 30 Years | |||
Usi-watar | "the son of Zimudar" | 7 Years | ||
Eshtar-muti | 11 Years | |||
Ishme-Shamash | 11 Years | |||
(Shu-ilishu)* | 15 Years | |||
Nanniya | "the jeweller" | 7 Years | c. 2303–2296 BC (short) | |
"Then Kish was defeated and the kingship was taken to Unug (Uruk)." |
Ruler | Epithet | Length of Reign | Approximate Dates | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lugal-zage-si | 25 Years | c. 2296–2271 BC (short) | said to have defeated Urukagina of Lagash, as well as Kish and other Sumerian cities, creating a unified kingdom; he in turn was overthrown by Sargon of Akkad | |
"Then Unug was defeated and the kingship was taken to Agade (Akkad)" |
Ruler | Epithet | Length of Reign | Approximate Dates | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sargon of Akkad | "whose father was a gardener, the cupbearer of Ur-Zababa, became king, the king of Agade, who built Agade" | 40 Years | c. 2270–2215 BC (short) | defeated Lugal-zage-si of Uruk, took over Sumer, and began the Akkadian Empire |
Rimush of Akkad | "the son of Sargon" | 9 Years | c. 2214–2206 BC (short) | |
Manishtushu (Manishtusu) | "the older brother of Rimush, the son of Sargon" | 15 Years | c. 2205–2191 BC (short) | |
Naram-Sin of Akkad | "the son of Man-ishtishu" | 56 Years | c. 2190–2154 BC (short) | |
Shar-kali-sharri | "the son of Naram-Sin" | 25 Years | c. 2153–2129 BC (short) | |
"Then who was king? Who was not the king?" | ||||
|
4 Years | c. 2128–2125 BC (short) | ||
Dudu of Akkad | c. 2125–2104 BC (short) | 21 Years | ||
Shu-Durul | "the son of Dudu" | 15 Years | c. 2104–2083 BC (short) | Akkad falls to the Gutians |
"Then Agade was defeated and the kingship was taken to Unug (Uruk)." |
Ruler | Epithet | Length of Reign | Approximate Dates | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ur-ningin | 7 Years | c. 2091? – 2061? BC (short) | ||
Ur-gigir | "the son of Ur-ningin" | 6 Years | ||
Kuda | 6 Years | |||
Puzur-ili | 5 Years | |||
Ur-Utu (or Lugal-melem) | ("the son of Ur-gigir")* | 25 Years | ||
"Unug was defeated and the kingship was taken to the army of Gutium." |
Ruler | Epithet | Length of Reign | Approximate Dates | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|
"In the army of Gutium, at first no king was famous; they were their own kings and ruled thus for 3 years." | ||||
Inkishush (or Inkicuc) | 6 Years | c. 2147–2050 BC (short) | ||
Sarlagab (or Zarlagab) | 6 Years | |||
Shulme (or Yarlagash) | 6 Years | |||
Elulmesh (or Silulumesh or Silulu) | 6 Years | |||
Inimabakesh (or Duga) | 5 Years | |||
Igeshaush (or Ilu-An) | 6 Years | |||
Yarlagab | 3 Years | |||
Ibate of Gutium | 3 Years | |||
Yarla (or Yarlangab) | 3 Years | |||
Kurum | 1 Year | |||
Apilkin | 3 Years | |||
La-erabum | 2 Years | mace head inscription | ||
Irarum | 2 Years | |||
Ibranum | 1 Year | |||
Hablum | 2 Years | |||
Puzur-Suen | "the son of Hablum" | 7 Years | ||
Yarlaganda | 7 Years | oundation inscription at Umma | ||
Unknown | 7 Years | Si'um or Si-u? — foundation inscription at Umma | ||
Tirigan | 40 Days | defeated by Utu-hengal of Uruk | ||
"Then the army of Gutium was defeated and the kingship taken to Unug (Uruk)." |
Ruler | Epithet | Length of Reign | Approximate Dates | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|
Utu-hengal | conflicting dates (427 years / 26 years / 7 years) | c. 2055–2048 BC (short) | defeats Tirigan and the Gutians, appoints Ur-Namma governor of Ur | |
"Then Unug was defeated and the kingship was taken to Urim (Ur)." |
Ruler | Epithet | Length of Reign | Approximate Dates | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ur-Namma (Ur-Nammu) | 18 Years | c. 2047–2030 BC (short) | defeats Nammahani of Lagash; contemporary of Utu-hengal of Uruk | |
Shulgi | "the son of Ur-Namma" | 46 Years | c. 2029–1982 BC (short) | possible lunar/solar eclipse 2005 BC |
Amar-Suena | "the son of Shulgi" | 9 Years | c. 1981–1973 BC (short) | |
Shu-Suen | "the son of Amar-Suena" | 9 Years | c. 1972–1964 BC (short) | |
Ibbi-Suen | "the son of Shu-Suen" 24 | 24 Years | c. 1963–1940 BC (short) | |
"Then Urim was defeated. The very foundation of Sumer was torn out. The kingship was taken to Isin." |
Ruler | Epithet | Length of Reign | Approximate Dates | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ishbi-Erra | 33 Years | contemporary of Ibbi-Suen of Ur | ||
Shu-Ilishu | "the son of Ishbi-Erra" | 20 Years | ||
Iddin-Dagan | "the son of Shu-ilishu" | 20 Years | ||
Ishme-Dagan | "the son of Iddin-Dagan" | 20 Years | ||
Lipit-Eshtar | "the son of Ishme-Dagan (or Iddin-Dagan)" | 11 Years | contemporary of Gungunum of Larsa | |
Ur-Ninurta | ("the son of Ishkur, may he have years of abundance, a good reign, and a sweet life")* | 28 Years | Contemporary of Abisare of Larsa | |
Bur-Suen | "the son of Ur-Ninurta" | 21 Years | ||
Lipit-Enlil | "the son of Bur-Suen" | 5 Years | ||
Erra-imitti | 8 Years | He appointed his gardener, Enlil-Bani, substitute king and then suddenly died. | ||
Enlil-bani | 24 Years | contemporary of Sumu-la-El of Babylon. He was Erra-imitti's gardener and was appointed substitute king, to serve as a scapegoat and then sacrificed, but remained on the throne when Erra-imitti suddenly died. | ||
Zambiya | 3 Years | contemporary of Sin-Iqisham of Larsa | ||
Iter-pisha | 4 Years | |||
Ur-du-kuga | 4 Years | |||
Suen-magir | 11 Years | |||
(Damiq-ilishu)* | ("the son of Suen-magir")* | 23 Years | ||
SO! A long list of kings with some very long lifelines. You can see that post flood the lifelines shortened.
The total ages of the antediluvian biblical patriarchs is 6695 years, minus Noah and Adam. The King List does not include the Sumerian first man nor the Sumerian Flood hero (Ziusudra).
The following list is based on two things: Genesis and the Sumerian lists.
The Patriarchs included are as follows:
Both lists are most likely pretty close as both lists mention the flood, BUT
The Genesis account has more numerical precision and more detailed information.
The ages of the patriarchs are much more reasonable than the extremely long reigns of the kings of the Kings List. The account is much more realistic and true to life
For example, in the Sumerian account of the Flood (as given in the Gilgamesh epic) there is no reason given for the decision of the gods to destroy mankind. There are no allusions at all to a fault committed by man. The Flood appears as an act of the gods rather than a divine punishment. In Genesis, however, God purposes to purge mankind because the thoughts and designs of men were continually evil, and the Earth was full of violence.