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WB44 LIST

WHAT IS IT

Some Background:

The WB44 List is an ancient Sumerian King List.It is written in the Sumerian language on clay tablets. It lists kings of Sumer (ancient southern Iraq) from Sumerian and neighboring dynasties, their supposed reign lengths, and the locations of the kingship. This text is preserved in several recensions. The list of kings is sequential, although modern research indicates many were contemporaries, reflecting the belief that kingship was handed down by the gods and could be transferred from one city to another, asserting to a hegemony in the region.

Where did the list come from:

The sources marked WB are a part of the "Weld-Blundell collection", donated by Herbert Weld Blundell to the Ashmolean Museum. WB 62 is a small clay tablet, inscribed only on one side, unearthed from Larsa. It is the oldest dated source, at c. 2000 BC, that contains the list. WB 444, in contrast, is a unique inscribed vertical prism, dated c. 1817 BC, although some scholars prefer c. 1827 BC. The Kish Tablet or Scheil dynastic tablet is an early 2nd millennium BC tablet which came into possession of Jean-Vincent Scheil, but only contains list entries for four Sumerian cities. UCBC 9-1819 is a clay tablet housed in the collection of the Museum of Anthropology at the University of California. The tablet was inscribed during the reign of the Babylonian King Samsu-iluna, or slightly earlier, with the earliest date of 1712 BC. The Dynastic Chronicle (ABC 18) is a Babylonian king list written on six columns, beginning with entries for the antediluvian (prior to the flood) Sumerian rulers. K 11261+ is one of the copies of this chronicle, consisting of three joined Neo-Assyrian fragments discovered at the Library of Ashurbanipal. K 12054 is another of the Neo-Assyrian fragments from Uruk (c. 640 BC) but contains a variant form of the antediluvians on the list. The later Babylonian king lists and Assyrian king lists repeated the earliest portions of the list, thus preserving them well into the 3rd century BC. At this time, Berossus wrote Babyloniaca, which popularized fragments of the list in the Hellenic world. In 1960, the Apkullu-list (Tablet No. W.20030, 7) or “Uruk List of Kings and Sages” (ULKS) was discovered by German archaeologists at an ancient temple at Uruk. The list, dating to c. 165 BC, contains a series of kings, equivalent to the Sumerian antediluvians, called "Apkullu"

WB PICTURES

` WB 444 Picture - 1 Side
WB 444 Rock - One Side
` WB 444 Picture - 2 Sides
WB 444 Rock - Two Sides

MORE KING INFO

Early dates are approximate, and are based on available archaeological data. For most of the pre-Akkadian rulers listed, the king list is itself the lone source of information. Beginning with Lugal-zage-si and the Third Dynasty of Uruk (which was defeated by Sargon of Akkad), a better understanding of how subsequent rulers fit into the chronology of the ancient Near East can be deduced. The short chronology is used here.

None of the following predynastic antediluvian rulers have been verified as historical by archaeological excavations, epigraphical inscriptions or otherwise. While there is no evidence they ever reigned as such, the Sumerians purported them to have lived in the mythical era before the great deluge or flood. Some modern scholars believe the Sumerian deluge story corresponds to localized river flooding at Shuruppak (modern Tell Fara, Iraq) and various other cities as far north as Kish, as revealed by a layer of riverine sediments, radiocarbon dated to c. 2900 BC, which interrupt the continuity of settlement. Polychrome pottery from the Jemdet Nasr period (c. 3000–2900 BC) was discovered immediately below this Shuruppak flood stratum.

The antediluvian reigns were measured in Sumerian numerical units known as sars (units of 3,600), ners (units of 600), and sosses (units of 60).[19] Attempts have been made to map these numbers into more reasonable regnal lengths

One interesting thing. Look at the lengths the kings ruled pre-flood vs. post-flood.

The early chapters of the book of Genesis contain numerical information about the ages of the biblical patriarchs and their chronological relationships during the antediluvian world. They also contain a description of the moral and spiritual condition as well as the history of that period. Although there are other, non-biblical, references to the antediluvian era, there is no other document in all of the extant records of the ancient world that provides the detailed and coherent information found in the book of Genesis. The Genesis account gives us a glimpse into that obscure portion of the history of mankind, and provides information for a chronology of that period. It has, nevertheless, been criticized by non-Christians as well as liberal theologians as being mythological, or at best symbolic and incomplete.

The Sumerian King List, on the other hand, contains an initial section that makes reference to the Flood and to Sumerian kings of extremely long reigns before the Flood.1 The antediluvian portion of the King List is very different from the biblical account. It only contains eight kings, while Genesis has ten patriarchs. The Sumerian list assigns an average reign duration of 30,150 years, with a total duration for the period of 241,200 years, compared to an average age of the biblical patriarchs of 858 years and a sum of 8575 years for their full lives. It also lacks the detailed information of Genesis and its moral and spiritual emphases.

Nevertheless, Walton2 has pointed out that the antediluvian portion of the King List does not include the Sumerian first man nor the Flood hero. If Adam and Noah are dropped from the biblical list, the number of people in the two lists is then the same—eight. Walton has also noticed that the total of the durations of the kingdoms and the total of the ages of the patriarchs are numerically related and are equivalent if the number base of the Sumerian list is changed from sexagesimal to decimal.

SIMPLIFIED PERIOD INFO

Proto-Sumerian Period (3300–2900 BC)

Early Dynastic I–II Periods (2900–2600 BC)

Early Dynastic II–III Periods (2600–2334 BC)

Dynasty of Akkad (2334–2154 BC)

Sumerian Period (2112–2004 BC)

Old Babylonian Period (2004–1595 BC)

LIST OF SUMERIAN KINGS

Antediluvian Rulers
Ruler Epithet Length of Reign
"After the kingship descended from heaven, the kingship was in Eridug. In Eridug, Alulim became king he ruled for 28800 years."
Alulim 8 sars (28,800 years)
Alaingar 10 sars (36,000 years)
"Then Eridug fell and the kingship was taken to Bad-tibira."
En-men-lu-ana 12 sars (43,200 years)
En-men-gal-ana 8 sars (28,800 years)
Dumuzid, the Shepherd "the sheperd" 10 sars (36,000 years)
" Then Bad-tibira fell and the kingship was taken to Larag."
En-sipad-zid-ana 8 sars (28,800 years)
"Then Larag fell and the kingship was taken to Zimbir."
En-men-dur-ana 5 sars and 5 ners (21,000 years)
"Then Zimbir fell and the kingship was taken to Shuruppag."
Ubara-Tutu 5 sars and 1 ner (18,600 years)
"Then the flood swept over."

First Dynasty of Kish
Ruler Epithet Length of Reign Approximate Dates Comments
"After the flood had swept over, and the kingship had descended from heaven, the kingship was in Kish."
Jushur 1200 Years historicity uncertain names before Etana do not appear in any other known source, and their existence is archaeologically unverified
Kullassina-bel 960 Years
Nangishlishma 670 Years
En-tarah-ana 420 Years
Babum 320 Years
Puannum 840 Years
Kalibum 960 Years
Kalumum 840 Years
Zuqaqip 900 Years
Atab (or A-ba) 600 Years
Mashda "The son of Atab" 840 Years
Arwium "the son of Mashda" 720 Years
Etana "the shepherd, who ascended to heaven and consolidated all the foreign countries" 1500 Years
Balih "the son of Etana" 400 Years
En-me-nuna 660 Years
Melem-Kish "the son of En-me-nuna" 900 Years
Barsal-nuna ("the son of En-me-nuna") 1200 Years
Zamug "the son of Barsal-nuna" 140 Years
Tizqar "The son of Zamug" 305 Years
Ilku 900 Years
Iltasadum 1200 Years
En-me-barage-si "who made the land of Elam submit" 900 Years c. 2600 BC the earliest ruler on the List confirmed independently from epigraphical evidence
Aga of Kish "the son of En-me-barage-si" 625 Years c. 2600 BC contemporary with Gilgamesh of Uruk, according to the Sumerian tale of Gilgamesh and Aga
"Then Kish was defeated and the kingship was taken to E-ana."

First Rulers of Uruk
Ruler Epithet Length of Reign Approximate Dates Comments
Mesh-ki-ang-gasher of E-ana "the son of Utu" 324 Years c. 2600 BC
"Mesh-ki-ang-gasher entered the sea and disappeared."
Enmerkar "the son of Mesh-ki-ang-gasher, the king of Unug, who built Unug (Uruk)" 420 Years
Lugalbanda 1200 Years
Dumuzid (Dumuzi) "the fisherman whose city was Kuara." ("He captured En-me-barage-si single-handedly.")* 100 Years
Gilgamesh "whose father was a phantom (?), the lord of Kulaba" 126 Years c. 2600 BC contemporary with Aga of Kish, according to the Epic of Gilgamesh
Ur-Nungal "the son of Gilgamesh" 30 Years
Udul-kalama "the son of Ur-Nungal" 15 Years
La-ba'shum 9 Years
En-nun-tarah-ana 8 Years
Mesh-he 36 Years
Melem-ana 6 Years
Lugal-kitun 36 Years
"Then Unug was defeated and the kingship was taken to Urim (Ur)."

First dynasty of Ur
Ruler Epithet Length of Reign Approximate Dates Comments
Mesh-Ane-pada 80 Years c. 26th century BC
Mesh-ki-ang-Nuna "the son of Mesh-Ane-pada" 36 Years
Elulu 25 Years
Balulu 36 Years
"Then Urim was defeated and the kingship was taken to Awan."

Dynasty of Awan
Ruler Epithet Length of Reign Approximate Dates Comments
Three kings of Awan 356 Years c. 26th century BC
"Then Awan was defeated and the kingship was taken to Kish."

Second dynasty of Kish
Ruler Epithet Length of Reign Approximate Dates Comments
Susuda "the fuller" 201 Years c. 26th century BC
Dadasig 81 Years
Mamagal "the boatman" 360 Years
Kalbum "the son of Mamagal" 195 Years
Tuge " 360 Years
Men-nuna "the son of Tuge" 180 Years
(Enbi-Ishtar) " 290 Years
Lugalngu " 360 Years
"Then Kish was defeated and the kingship was taken to Hamazi."

The First dynasty of Lagash (c. 2500 – c. 2271 BC) is not mentioned in the King List, even though it is well known from inscriptions that were found

Dynasty of Hamazi
Ruler Epithet Length of Reign Approximate Dates Comments
Hadanish 360 Years c. 2500 BC
"Then Hamazi was defeated and the kingship was taken to Unug (Uruk)."
`
Second dynasty of Uruk
Ruler Epithet Length of Reign Approximate Dates Comments
En-shag-kush-ana 60 Years c. 25th century BC said to have conquered parts of Sumer; then Eannatum of Lagash claims to have taken over Sumer, Kish, and all Mesopotamia.
Lugal-kinishe-dudu or Lugal-ure 120 Years contemporary with Entemena of Lagash
Argandea 7 Years
"Then Unug was defeated and the kingship was taken to Urim (Ur)."
`
Second dynasty of Ur
Ruler Epithet Length of Reign Approximate Dates Comments
Nanni 120 Years c. 25th century BC
Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II "the son of Nanni" 48 Years
"Then Urim was defeated and the kingship was taken to Adab."
`
Dynasty of Adab
Ruler Epithet Length of Reign Approximate Dates Comments
Lugal-Ane-mundu 90 Years c. 25th century BC said to have conquered all Mesopotamia from the Persian Gulf to the Zagros Mountains and Elam
"Then Adab was defeated and the kingship was taken to Mari."
`
Dynasty of Mari
Ruler Epithet Length of Reign Approximate Dates Comments
Anbu 30 Years c. 25th century BC
Anba "the son of Anbu" 17 Years
Bazi "the leatherworker" 30 Years
Zizi of Mari "the fuller" 20 Years
Limer "the 'gudug' priest" 30 Years
Sharrum-iter 9 Years
"Then Mari was defeated and the kingship was taken to Kish."
`
Third dynasty of Kish
Ruler Epithet Length of Reign Approximate Dates Comments
Kug-Bau (Kubaba) "the woman tavern-keeper, who made firm the foundations of Kish" 100 Years c. 25th century BC the only known woman in the King List; said to have gained independence from En-anna-tum I of Lagash and En-shag-kush-ana of Uruk; contemporary with Puzur-Nirah of Akshak, according to the later Chronicle of the É-sagila
"Then Kish was defeated and the kingship was taken to Akshak."
`
Dynasty of Akshak
Ruler Epithet Length of Reign Approximate Dates Comments
Unzi 30 Years c. 25th – 24th century BC
Undalulu 6 Years
Urur 6 Years
Puzur-Nirah 20 Years contemporary with Kug-Bau of Kish, according to the later Chronicle of É-sagila
Ishu-Il 24 Years
Shu-Suen of Akshak 7 Years
"Then Akshak was defeated and the kingship was taken to Kish."
`
Fourth dynasty of Kish
Ruler Epithet Length of Reign Approximate Dates Comments
Puzur-Suen "the son of Kug-Bau" 25 Years c. 24th – 23rd century BC
Ur-Zababa the son of Puzur-Suen" 400 (67) Years c. 2300 BC according to the king list, Sargon of Akkad was his cup-bearer
Zimudar 30 Years
Usi-watar "the son of Zimudar" 7 Years
Eshtar-muti 11 Years
Ishme-Shamash 11 Years
(Shu-ilishu)* 15 Years
Nanniya "the jeweller" 7 Years c. 2303–2296 BC (short)
"Then Kish was defeated and the kingship was taken to Unug (Uruk)."
`
Third dynasty of Uruk
Ruler Epithet Length of Reign Approximate Dates Comments
Lugal-zage-si 25 Years c. 2296–2271 BC (short) said to have defeated Urukagina of Lagash, as well as Kish and other Sumerian cities, creating a unified kingdom; he in turn was overthrown by Sargon of Akkad
"Then Unug was defeated and the kingship was taken to Agade (Akkad)"
`
Dynasty of Akkad
Ruler Epithet Length of Reign Approximate Dates Comments
Sargon of Akkad "whose father was a gardener, the cupbearer of Ur-Zababa, became king, the king of Agade, who built Agade" 40 Years c. 2270–2215 BC (short) defeated Lugal-zage-si of Uruk, took over Sumer, and began the Akkadian Empire
Rimush of Akkad "the son of Sargon" 9 Years c. 2214–2206 BC (short)
Manishtushu (Manishtusu) "the older brother of Rimush, the son of Sargon" 15 Years c. 2205–2191 BC (short)
Naram-Sin of Akkad "the son of Man-ishtishu" 56 Years c. 2190–2154 BC (short)
Shar-kali-sharri "the son of Naram-Sin" 25 Years c. 2153–2129 BC (short)
"Then who was king? Who was not the king?"
  • Irgigi
  • Imi
  • Nanum
  • Ilulu
4 Years c. 2128–2125 BC (short)
Dudu of Akkad c. 2125–2104 BC (short) 21 Years
Shu-Durul "the son of Dudu" 15 Years c. 2104–2083 BC (short) Akkad falls to the Gutians
"Then Agade was defeated and the kingship was taken to Unug (Uruk)."
`
Fourth dynasty of Uruk
Ruler Epithet Length of Reign Approximate Dates Comments
Ur-ningin 7 Years c. 2091? – 2061? BC (short)
Ur-gigir "the son of Ur-ningin" 6 Years
Kuda 6 Years
Puzur-ili 5 Years
Ur-Utu (or Lugal-melem) ("the son of Ur-gigir")* 25 Years
"Unug was defeated and the kingship was taken to the army of Gutium."
`
The Second dynasty of Lagash (before c. 2093–2046 BC (short)) is not mentioned in the King List, though it is well known from inscriptions.

Gutian rule
Ruler Epithet Length of Reign Approximate Dates Comments
"In the army of Gutium, at first no king was famous; they were their own kings and ruled thus for 3 years."
Inkishush (or Inkicuc) 6 Years c. 2147–2050 BC (short)
Sarlagab (or Zarlagab) 6 Years
Shulme (or Yarlagash) 6 Years
Elulmesh (or Silulumesh or Silulu) 6 Years
Inimabakesh (or Duga) 5 Years
Igeshaush (or Ilu-An) 6 Years
Yarlagab 3 Years
Ibate of Gutium 3 Years
Yarla (or Yarlangab) 3 Years
Kurum 1 Year
Apilkin 3 Years
La-erabum 2 Years mace head inscription
Irarum 2 Years
Ibranum 1 Year
Hablum 2 Years
Puzur-Suen "the son of Hablum" 7 Years
Yarlaganda 7 Years oundation inscription at Umma
Unknown 7 Years Si'um or Si-u? — foundation inscription at Umma
Tirigan 40 Days defeated by Utu-hengal of Uruk
"Then the army of Gutium was defeated and the kingship taken to Unug (Uruk)."
`
Fifth dynasty of Uruk
Ruler Epithet Length of Reign Approximate Dates Comments
Utu-hengal conflicting dates (427 years / 26 years / 7 years) c. 2055–2048 BC (short) defeats Tirigan and the Gutians, appoints Ur-Namma governor of Ur
"Then Unug was defeated and the kingship was taken to Urim (Ur)."
`
Third dynasty of Ur
Ruler Epithet Length of Reign Approximate Dates Comments
Ur-Namma (Ur-Nammu) 18 Years c. 2047–2030 BC (short) defeats Nammahani of Lagash; contemporary of Utu-hengal of Uruk
Shulgi "the son of Ur-Namma" 46 Years c. 2029–1982 BC (short) possible lunar/solar eclipse 2005 BC
Amar-Suena "the son of Shulgi" 9 Years c. 1981–1973 BC (short)
Shu-Suen "the son of Amar-Suena" 9 Years c. 1972–1964 BC (short)
Ibbi-Suen "the son of Shu-Suen" 24 24 Years c. 1963–1940 BC (short)
"Then Urim was defeated. The very foundation of Sumer was torn out. The kingship was taken to Isin."
`
Independent Amorite states in lower Mesopotamia. The Dynasty of Larsa (c. 1961–1674 BC (short)) from this period is not mentioned in the King List.

Dynasty of Isin
Ruler Epithet Length of Reign Approximate Dates Comments
Ishbi-Erra 33 Years contemporary of Ibbi-Suen of Ur
Shu-Ilishu "the son of Ishbi-Erra" 20 Years
Iddin-Dagan "the son of Shu-ilishu" 20 Years
Ishme-Dagan "the son of Iddin-Dagan" 20 Years
Lipit-Eshtar "the son of Ishme-Dagan (or Iddin-Dagan)" 11 Years contemporary of Gungunum of Larsa
Ur-Ninurta ("the son of Ishkur, may he have years of abundance, a good reign, and a sweet life")* 28 Years Contemporary of Abisare of Larsa
Bur-Suen "the son of Ur-Ninurta" 21 Years
Lipit-Enlil "the son of Bur-Suen" 5 Years
Erra-imitti 8 Years He appointed his gardener, Enlil-Bani, substitute king and then suddenly died.
Enlil-bani 24 Years contemporary of Sumu-la-El of Babylon. He was Erra-imitti's gardener and was appointed substitute king, to serve as a scapegoat and then sacrificed, but remained on the throne when Erra-imitti suddenly died.
Zambiya 3 Years contemporary of Sin-Iqisham of Larsa
Iter-pisha 4 Years
Ur-du-kuga 4 Years
Suen-magir 11 Years
(Damiq-ilishu)* ("the son of Suen-magir")* 23 Years

SOME ENDING THOUGHTS

SO! A long list of kings with some very long lifelines. You can see that post flood the lifelines shortened.

The total ages of the antediluvian biblical patriarchs is 6695 years, minus Noah and Adam. The King List does not include the Sumerian first man nor the Sumerian Flood hero (Ziusudra).

The following list is based on two things: Genesis and the Sumerian lists.

The Patriarchs included are as follows:

Both lists are most likely pretty close as both lists mention the flood, BUT

The Genesis account has more numerical precision and more detailed information.

The ages of the patriarchs are much more reasonable than the extremely long reigns of the kings of the Kings List. The account is much more realistic and true to life

For example, in the Sumerian account of the Flood (as given in the Gilgamesh epic) there is no reason given for the decision of the gods to destroy mankind. There are no allusions at all to a fault committed by man. The Flood appears as an act of the gods rather than a divine punishment. In Genesis, however, God purposes to purge mankind because the thoughts and designs of men were continually evil, and the Earth was full of violence.

Resources

  1. Wikipedia
  2. "The Sumerian King List - Livius". www.livius.org. Archived from the original on 2016-07-30.
  3. Ancient Iraq: (Assyria and Babylonia), Peter Roger Stuart Moorey, Ashmolean Museum, 1976; The Sumerian King List, T. Jacobsen, University of Chicago Press, 1939,
  4. "The Early Chronology of Sumer and Egypt and the Similarities in Their Culture", S. Langdon, The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Vol. 7, No. 3/4, Oct., 1921, p. 133
  5. Lambert and Millard, Cuneiform Texts 46 Nr. 5
  6. answersingenesis.org